怎样写abstract，proposal，cover letter
Writing Abstracts, Proposals, and Letters good abstracts clear proposals appropriate letters ABSTRACTS An abstract is an extract of the essence of your work. Abstracts are not summaries; they are more concise and clearer than summaries. Abstracts give what was discovered, how it was done, how it fits with other research, and what it suggests for future research. ABSTRACTS The difficulty in writing an abstract is that the abstract must be short. Most journals tell authors to send in abstracts of as few as 150 words or less. Conference abstracts sometimes require as few as 50 words. Writing a good abstract requires extreme discipline. ABSTRACTS Writing an abstract requires unusual cognitive and linguistic discipline. Excess words must be carefully eliminated. The clarity of the words will determine. If others will read your work. If readers will accurately report its information to others. ABSTRACTS Stay within or under the required number of words. Edit carefully. Have a colleague who knows your work well edit. Edit again. Check your word choices and structures against other recent abstracts in the journal to which you plan to send your paper. PROPOSALS Proposals for presenting at conferences are relatively easy to write. However writing proposals for grants is considerably more difficult. Proposals to Conferences Writing proposals for presenting at conferences is similar to writing abstracts. Brevity is important. Each conference will have its proposal requirements and deadlines posted on its website. Usually the conference prefers a one-page proposal. Proposals to Conferences The proceedings are usually published so that this gives you a publication. However, give careful consideration before having your work published this way. Because a science journal will not consider publishing work that has been published elsewhere. Proposals for Grants lengthy matters requiring information about your research the background its purpose its value to the grant-giving organization Proposals for Grants First-time applications for a grant are often unsuccessful, but do not be discouraged. If yours is rejected, detailed information about why it has been rejected will accompany the rejection. Next you should carefully rewrite the grant addressing the reasons it was rejected, and resubmit. Cover Letters Submissions to journals today are done electronically, and including a brief electronic cover letter is appropriate. Such letters are easy to write and have no need to be original, witty, or eloquent. CoverLetters Introductory and Application Letters Informal as to be impolite. ‘Hi,’ or ‘Hi Petey,’ or ‘Hi Dr. Young’ Overly formal ‘My Very Dear Dr. Young’ or ‘Honored Professor’. Introductory and Application Letters The most effective letters of introduction or application are simple and direct. You attach your resume and perhaps one other relevant brief document. Letters of recommendation are sent later. It is absolutely essential that you make no mistakes, even of a minor nature. Edit your letterbefore you send it. Introductory and Application Letters Keep a file of letters you send and letters you receive. These will serve you as a future resource for appropriate letter writing. The danger of email correspondence is that you may write so quickly and send in email. The best advice is to compose your letters in a word-processing program, copy and paste them into email.
急求一篇与女性有关的英文文献附带中文翻译
More than 1,200 representatives of China’s 650 million women will discuss women’s progress over the last five years at the Tenth National Women’s Congress from Oct. 28 to 31.
本月28日至31日,第十届妇女代表大会将召开,届时将有超过1200名出席者代表全国6.5亿的妇女,参会讨论近五年来妇女的发展.
In September 2004, the Fourth Plenary Session of the 16th Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee stressed the training and selection of women cadres.
2004年9月,中国共产党第16大4中全会,着重指出加强培训机制和妇女骨干的选拔.
The Law on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Women, which was amended in 2005, stipulated that “gender equality is a basic national policy“.
2005年修改的“妇女利益权力保护“法律中,规定了“性别平等是基本国家政策“.
Last year, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council ordered an end to sex discrimination and demanded better education on laws and regulations on women and children’s rights during family planning work.
去年在家庭计划工作会议上,国务院下令禁止性别歧视,并要求妇女儿童接受教育的权力的相关法律规范出台.
Training centers and organizations have been established to provide services for migrant women workers.
建立了培训中心和机构,为外来务工妇女提供服务.
Women account for 45.4 percent of China’s total employed population and for more than 40 percent of all public servants.
在中国总务工人口中,妇女占了45.4%,有超过40%的从事公众服务型行业.
Female deputies comprise 21.33 percent of the National People’s Congress (NPC), up 1.09 percentage points from the previous congress, and women make up 17.7 percent of the National Committee of the 11th Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), up 1 percentage point.
女性代表占与会人数的21.33%,比上届会议增长了1.09个百分点. 同时,在第11届政协会议中,妇女人数占17.7%,比上届增长1个百分点.
在IEEEjournal上发论文是什么水平
IEEE的文章大体分为3类，letter,magazine,journal/transaction.
IEEE letter:属于快报形式，一般发表最新的研究成果，文章要求短小，理论推导要求不高。
IEEE Magazine：这才是属于杂志类，一般要求用文字和图表来表述些最新研究成果，不允许有过多的公式推导。
IEEE Jour/Trans：这两个属于同一类，期刊杂志，但两者面向的读者和表达方式上略有不同。两者都需要有很大的创新点，和比较详细的公式推导。
Trans：具体到一个相对较细的专业方向上，如IEEE Trans. Sign.Proc.。
而jour：面向的读者群却更加广泛，如IEEE J-SAC，所以jour需要对背景知识有更加全面的介绍。虽然jour没有trans的专注度高，但是其理论深度的要求也很高，而且其影响因子往往远远高于Trans.
procedding和transaction的区别
1、proceeding一般是指CONFERENCE的会议录一般只需要作者SUBMIT ABSTRACT 或者EXTENDED ABSTRACT
长度比较短
2、JOURNAL的PAPER就要求作者SUBMIT研究成果的全文
IEEE 的TRANSACTION是在IEEE的JOURNAL基础上筛选征集的，理论上说是水平更高一层的了。
求达人帮忙看一下这几篇文章有没有被EI检索，如果检索的，帮忙查一下其检索号
1 Accession number: 20104913450090
Title: A mixed-integer linear optimization model for local energy system planning based on simplex and branch-and-bound algorithms
Authors: Ren, Hongbo1 ; Zhou, Weisheng2 ; Gao, Weijun3 ; Wu, Qiong3
Author affiliation: 1 Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, 603-8577 Kyoto, Japan
2 College of Policy Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 603-8577 Kyoto, Japan
3 Faculty of Environmental Engineering, University of Kitakyushu, 808-0135 Kitakyushu, Japan
Corresponding author: Ren, H. (tjrhb@fc.ritsumei.ac.jp)
Source title: Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)
Abbreviated source title: Lect. Notes Comput. Sci.
Volume: 6328 LNCS
Issue: PART 1
Monograph title: Life System Modeling and Intelligent Computing – International Conference on LSMS 2010 and ICSEE 2010, Proceedings
Issue date: 2010
Publication year: 2010
Pages: 361-371
Language: English
ISSN: 03029743
E-ISSN: 16113349
ISBN-10: 3642156207
ISBN-13: 9783642156205
Document type: Conference article (CA)
Conference name: 2010 International Conference on Life System Modeling and Simulation, LSMS 2010 and the 2010 International Conference on Intelligent Computing for Sustainable Energy and Environment, ICSEE 2010
Conference date: September 17, 2010 – September 20, 2010
Conference location: Wuxi, China
Conference code: 82566
Publisher: Springer Verlag, Tiergartenstrasse 17, Heidelberg, D-69121, Germany
Abstract: A Mixed-integer linear optimization model is developed to support the decision making for the sustainable use of energy in the local area. It details exploitation of primary energy sources, electrical and thermal generation, end-use sectors and emissions. The model covers both the energy demand and energy supply sides, and can provide valuable information both on the technical options, and on the possible policy measures. By aiming to realize a low-carbon energy system, the proposed optimization process provides feasible generation settlements between utility grid and distributed generations, as well as optimal diffusion of energy efficiency technologies. Moreover, the mathematical methods for solving the developed model are discussed. The focus is paid on the general solution method for mixed-integer linear optimization model including simplex algorithm and branch-and-bound algorithm. By using the suggested solution methods, the local energy system optimization problem is expected to be resolved in a reasonable time with enough precision. © 2010 Springer-Verlag.
Number of references: 9
Main heading: Branch and bound method
Controlled terms: Algorithms – Computer simulation – Decision making – Energy efficiency – Energy policy – Integer programming – Intelligent computing – Mathematical models – Mesh generation
Uncontrolled terms: Branch-and-bound algorithms – Local energy systems – Low-carbon – Mixed-integer linear optimizations – Simplex algorithm
Classification code: 921.5 Optimization Techniques – 921 Mathematics – 912.2 Management – 723.5 Computer Applications – 723.4 Artificial Intelligence – 525.6 Energy Policy – 525.2 Energy Conservation
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-15621-2_40
Database: Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, © 2010 Elsevier Inc.
2 Accession number: 20074910962423
Title: Economic analysis of a clean development mechanism project: A case introducing photovoltaic system in a commercial building in China
Authors: Ren, Hong-Bo1 ; Gao, Wei-Jun1 ; Ruan, Ying-Jun1
Author affiliation: 1 Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Kitakyushu, Kitakyushu 808-0135, Japan
Corresponding author: Ren, H.-B. (d6640401@hibikino.ne.jp)
Source title: Huanan Ligong Daxue Xuebao/Journal of South China University of Technology (Natural Science)
Abbreviated source title: Huanan Ligong Daxue Xuebao
Volume: 35
Issue: SUPPL.
Issue date: October 2007
Publication year: 2007
Pages: 162-165
Language: English
ISSN: 1000565X
CODEN: HLDKEZ
Document type: Journal article (JA)
Publisher: South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
Abstract: A case study of the installation of a photovoltaic (PV) system as a potential clean development mechanism (CDM) project for a commercial building in China was performed by using a newly developed mathematical programming model. The model, which was developed to optimize the installation capacity of the PV system subjected to the constraints on electricity supply and demand balances, was adopted to carry out parametric surveys of PV investment and electricity price. The resultant calculations reveal that, in some cases, the PV system will be voluntarily introduced in China, and that the PV system can be certified as a CDM project with financial support by the investor country. In some combination of parameters, the value of CO2 emission reduction credit offsets the PV capital cost, although the shared allocation of economic profits yielded by the CDM project between the two countries greatly mitigates the restraints on the project, while at the same time qualifying it for the CDM.
Number of references: 2
Main heading: Solar energy
Controlled terms: China – Economic analysis – Investments – Mathematical models – Mathematical programming – Surveys
Uncontrolled terms: Clean development mechanism – Demand balance – Developed mathematical programming model – Electricity supply – Photovoltaic system
Classification code: 405.3 Surveying – 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena – 723.1 Computer Programming – 901.4 Impact of Technology on Society – 911.2 Industrial Economics – 921.6 Numerical Methods
Treatment: Applications (APP)
Database: Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, © 2010 Elsevier Inc.
3 Accession number: 20071110487595
Title: Optimization of PV system for residential application-effect of carbon tax and electricity buy-back
Authors: Ren, Hong-Bo1 ; Gao, Wei-Jun1 ; Ruan, Ying-Jun2
Author affiliation: 1 Faculty of Environmental Engineering, University of Kitakyushu, Kitakyushu 808-0135, Japan
2 Faculty of Human-Environment Engineering, Kyushu University, Japan
Corresponding author: Ren, H.-B. (d6640401@hibikino.ne.jp)
Source title: Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology (New Series)
Abbreviated source title: J. Harbin Inst. Technol.
Volume: 14
Issue: SUPPL.
Issue date: January 2007
Publication year: 2007
Pages: 140-144
Language: English
ISSN: 10059113
CODEN: JHITED
Document type: Journal article (JA)
Publisher: Harbin Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 136, Harbin, 150001, China
Abstract: In this paper, five cases with various levels of carbon tax and electricity buy-back price for adoption of photovoltaic (PV) system were studied. An evaluation model, constructed in an optimization package LINGO, was employed to analyze the economic aspects of PV adoption. The results can be summarized as follows; 1) For a practical project, each case has its optimal PV capacity, considering the minimal annual energy cost and various constraints. 2) The introduction of carbon tax stimulates the adoption of PV system. However, the influence is relatively small. The optimal capacity has an increase of 0.4 kW with the adoption of carbon tax of 10 Yen/kg-C.3) Electricity buy-back price has a positive influence on PV adoption. With a price of 25 Yen/kWh, the customer prefers to adopt the maximal PV capacity limited to the available site area. However, as the price is reduced to 15 Yen/kWh, the economic attractive investment is between 0 to 1.3 kW.
Number of references: 7
Main heading: Optimization
Controlled terms: Carbon – Economics – Electricity – Environmental protection – Investments – Photovoltaic effects – Sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms: Carbon tax – Economic aspects – Economic attractive investment – Electricity buy back – Energy cost – Evaluation model – Optimal capacity – Photovoltaic (PV) system – Residential application
Classification code: 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection – 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena – 901.4 Impact of Technology on Society – 911.2 Industrial Economics – 921.5 Optimization Techniques – 971 Social Sciences
Treatment: Applications (APP)
Database: Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, © 2010 Elsevier Inc
conference-abstract是什么意思
conference-abstract
研讨会摘要；研讨会的摘要；论文摘要
研讨会摘要
例句
释义:
全部,研讨会摘要,研讨会的摘要,论文摘要
1.
Please send conference abstract if possible. Thanks many from D.
如果有可能，请寄来会议论文摘要。
2.
Show with this kind of means, is this abstract small equational conferencewhat kind of?
以这种方式显示，这个抽象的小方程式会是什么样？
This article describes how to write a good computer architecture abstract forboth conference and journal papers.
这篇文章描述怎样写为会议和杂志文件抽象的好计算机体系结构。
conference-abstract是什么意思
conference-abstract研讨会摘要；研讨会的摘要；论文摘要研讨会摘要例句释义:全部,研讨会摘要,研讨会的摘要,论文摘要1.Please send conference abstract if possible.Thanks many from D.如果有可能,请寄来会议论文…
（二）构造和海平面升降变化域的标定
前已述及，在沉积层序中沉积物的输入量是控制地层构架的不可忽视的因素，但更重要的还是具有全球意义的构造和海平面变化对地层构架更有对比意义（H.W.Posamentier等，1993）。
1.海平面变化和构造沉降的周期性及耦合性
全球性的海平面升降和构造活动是一对孪生体，共存于全球地壳演化中，但它们各有其自身的规律。
海平面升降在一个长周期内可能是非均态变化的，在一个构造旋回时序内，海平面上升翼部分由转折端始，从缓慢上升、快速上升、再转为缓慢上升至停滞，然后转为下降阶段。短周期的与长周期的海平面升降叠加后，则形成了耦合后的海平面升降规律，并控制了沉积物的沉积作用、沉积方式和叠置关系。实践中所见到的沉积物和地层记录则是叠加后的海平面变化效应（参见图1-6）。
全球构造活动的总体规律是板块的裂解与聚合，与之相对应的是导致全球海平面的上升和下降。有效可容纳空间在一级构造和海平面变化旋回中，则是盆地的成生和消亡，如果从构造沉降这一角度来理解，即为构造沉降速率由高至低的变化过程。
与海平面变化周期相同，构造旋回也具有构造级次。但由于地壳地幔热柱的不均匀性，表现在地区上的构造活动差异很大。显然，次一级的构造活动是在总体构造背景下叠加的结果，则比海平面长短周期的叠加效应复杂得多。可见，构造沉降和海平面变化与沉积物和地层记录之间是复杂的因果关系，构成了层序地层的格架。
层序地层学的基本假设是视海平面变化速率旋回导致了容纳沉积物新增空间的变化。可容空间的变化不依赖于沉积物的注入，而潜在沉积物充填厚度是可容空间的函数，可容空间又是视海平面变化的响应。在不考虑盆地的构造格架情况下，所有盆地边缘视海平面具有不同变化速率的特征。沿盆地边缘的基底活动变化较大，从隆起到快速沉降。在盆地边缘沿着倾向方向的构造沉降总量有三个变化趋势：（1）沉降速率向海的方向增大；（2）沉降速率向陆的方向增大；（3）沿着倾向剖面沉降速率是常量。
第一种情况在克拉通内、被动大陆边缘和沿边缘活动带的大陆边缘上较为普遍。第二种情况在与造山带相邻的前陆盆地一侧和半地堑盆地中最为常见，前陆盆地的克拉通一侧从构造沉降趋势来看，很像被动边缘。第三种情况是在区域构造活动停滞的盆地中。
2.构造海平面升降域的标定
被动大陆边缘和前陆盆地背景的构造海平面升降区的标定的前提条件是，在给定全球海平面变化和视海平面变化速率的情况下，可根据上述介绍的3个构造沉降趋势对可容空间的变化进行标定。Posamentier等（1993）阐述了盆地边缘的第一种变化趋势，为了达到对地层构成进行预测的目的，又提出构造海平面域（tectonic-eustatic zone）（图1-8）。B区具有沉降速率很低的特点，在海平面旋回的某个时期全球海平面下降速率超过沉降速率产生了相对海平面下降效应（Posamentier和Allen,1993）（图1-8）。A区在整个全球海平面旋回周期中，具有沉降速率始终大于全球海平面下降速率的特点，表现为海平面视上升。根据全球海平面和构造沉降的综合分析，这种分带对预测盆地边缘的层序地层构成非常有用。在给定的海平面旋回中，岸线最大向海方向的位置决定了形成的是I型还是Ⅱ型层序。如果岸线最大向海位置处于B区，那么将发育Ⅰ型层序；如果岸线最大向海位置处于A区，那么将发育Ⅱ型层序（Posamentier和Allen,1993a）（图1-9）。
图1-8 活动边缘前陆盆地（a）和被动边缘（b）构造沉降剖面特征图解（据Posamentier和Allen,1993）
在前陆盆地，活动边缘由于冲断块的逆冲，导致了构造沉降向陆的方向明显增加（a）。相反，由于地壳在陆的方向冷却导致了构造沉降向海的方向增加（b）
图1-9 海岸线变迁时处于A区或B区的层序地层构成图解（据Posamentier修改）
A海岸线处于A区，层序具有前积→加积→退积的特征，不发育沉积物过路，不整合和低水位沉积物（A）;B海岸线处于B区，层序具有低水位岸线、沉积物过路区和可能的切谷充填沉积（B）
LST—低水位体系域；TST—海进体系域；SMST－陆架边缘体系域；HST—高位体系域
3.沉积物输入和盆地古地形
上述分析了这两个构造海平面域中岸线位置的重要性，而沉积物供给在决定地层构成时是一个重要的参数（Schlager,1992,1993）。
A区和B区的分界位置随着全球海平面和构造沉降总量变化而发生重大变化，层序地层构成也将发生变化（图1-9）。关于深水沉积作用，沉积物供给起了重要作用。在沉积物供给充足的情况下，被动边缘的沉积中心将移至陆架坡折带。因此，当相对海平面开始下降时，沉积中心区将发生陆架边缘和深水沉积作用。制约层序地层构成的另一个重要参数是盆地边缘古地貌。在缓坡边缘背景，低水位体系域中的深水浊积扇不出现。当在边缘的岸线后退将到达陆坡坡折带时，低水位体系域具有陆架之上的切谷充填沉积和盆地或斜坡的深水浊积体系。
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如下会议论文摘翻译为英文是什么很急
对于合并、购置投资和财政决定的真实选项研究
段时夏，胡文绣（这两个应该只是人名，就音译了）
来源：国际会议议程：风险管理和工程管理，第531－第535页，2008年，议程－2008国际会议：风险管理和工程管理，ICRMEM 2008
议会：2008国际会议：风险管理和工程管理，ICRMEM
出版商：Elec．and Elec． Eng．电脑协会
作者联系：
1 商业管理科，西安科技大学，西安，710054，中国
2 管理工程学院，郑州大学，郑州，450001，中国
摘要：这份文件探讨了合并、购置投资两者之间的关系和市场不确定性对财政决定的影响。该研究表明，合并、购置投资的借债能力会影响合并、购置投资的时段和价格。同时我们也发现，合并购置投资的债务决定是根据该决定对合并购置的价值的影响及破产可能性而做出的。合并购置的借债能力只在某一范围内有明确规定。
限制术语：投资－合并－风险分析－风险管理
非限制术语：容量决定－投资机遇－市场不确定性－真实选择
分类编号：922．1 概率学－922数据法－914 安全工程－921．2管理－912管理－911．2 工业经济－911 成本价值工程；工业经济－7232 资料处理及图片处理－723．1 电脑程序
呼……好难翻，大意是没错的，希望能帮到你。